Rohan Lalith Jayetilleke
The methodology adopted by the Buddha in these dialogues was to answer in the affirmative when a question is posed, or put a cross question to the person concerned and make him to understand for himself what is acceptable or unacceptable. At times, when illogical questions, were posed the Buddha kept silent. He considered both doubt and scepticism to be unwholesome.
In the Vedic Society of India during the time of the Buddha, the people were classed from their birth into four-tiered caste hierarchy, Catubbannovaggo, namely Khastriya, Rulers, Brahamans, dominating the religious and education spheres: Vessa, the merchants and bankers and the Sudras, the untouchable, labouring classes of the other three castes. In the sphere of religion Scriptural Authoritarianism (Veda pramayanam), Belief in a God-creator (Katruvada); Soul-theru (Atmavada), where in the ashes of the dead are thrown into rivers so that any remaining demerits will be washed away and take them to Moksha direct: In Asvamedha, where the king selects a robust horse and let loose the horse to wander in the neighbouring kingdoms and in case the horse returns, unharmed, the horse is killed as a sacrifice for the god.
No person could question the validity or invalidity of these practices, as the Rig Veda, the word of the Brahma, which is the oldest religious text in the world, datable to 1500-900 B.C. comprising 1028 mantras to be chanted only by the officiating brahaman at the religious ceremonies, and in a few centuries, this original Veda was supplemented with three other Vedas, Yajur, Atharva and Sama.
In fact in the oldest treatise on Indian dance, music, and theatre, written in Sanskrit by Bharatha Muni, in the opening passage says, the people were working hard but were disillusioned as they had no pleasurable pursuits and then God Brahama taught them music, dance and other aesthetic arts. Even in paintings and sculpture too these people believed in God Visvakarma as the teacher of these aesthetic arts, giving them the opportunity to express themselves in arts and crafts.
However, the Buddha, dismissed these doctrines, and gave the people, the right to reason out and accept or reject what is not acceptable. No Hindu will ever enter into a debate with the Brahamins. However, with the Buddha, from the king to the peasant were given a chance to discuss and argue with the Buddha, as regards the Dhamma he taught.
The methodology adopted by the Buddha in these dialogues was to answer in the affirmative when a question is posed, or put a cross question to the person concerned and make him to understand for himself what is acceptable or unacceptable. At times, when illogical questions, were posed the Buddha kept silent. He considered both doubt and scepticism to be unwholesome.
The rationality taught by the Buddha gives freedom of inquiry and search of the ultimate truth (paramasacca) as against conventional truth. Truth for its own sake thus is the cornerstone of the Buddha’s approach to rationalism in the Vedic society of irrational dogmas, rites and rituals.
Thus the Kalama Sutta, reproduced below from Bhikkhu Nanamoli’s work, ‘Life of The Buddha’ published by the Buddhist Publication Society in 1972 and followed by several reprints thereafter is a very faithful translation in English of the Pali original sutta.
The Kalama Sutta
The blessed One was wandering by stages in the Kosala country with a large number of bhikkhus. He arrived at a town belonging to the Kalamans call Kesaputta.
When the Kesaputtians heard that the Blessed One had arrived, they went to Him and they asked Him: “Lord, some monks and brahmans come to Kesaputta, and they expound only their own tenets while they abuse and rend and censure and rail at the tenets of others. And other monks and brahmans come to Kesaputta, and they too expound only their own tenets while they abuse and rend and censure and rail at the tenets of others.
We are puzzled and in doubt about them, Lord. Which of these reverend monks has spoken truly and which falsely?”
“You may well be puzzeld, Kalamans. You may well be in doubt. For your doubt has arisen precisely about what ought to be doubted. Come, Kalamans, do not be satisfied with hearsay or with tradition or with legendary lore or with what has come down in your scriptures or with conjecture or with logical inference or with weighing evidence or with liking for a view after pondering over it or with someone else’s ability or with the thought “The monk is our teacher.’ When you know in yourselves: ‘These ideas are unwholesome, liable to censure, condemned by the wise, being adopted and put into effect they lead to harm and suffering,’ then you should abandon them.
How do you conceive this, Kalamans: when lust arises in a person, is it for good or evil?” - “For evil, Lord.” - “Now it is when a person is lustful and he is overcome by lust, with his mind obsessed by lust, that he kills breathing things, takes what is not given, commits adultery, speaks falsehood, and gets others to do likewise, which will belong for his harm and suffering.” - Even so, Lord.” “How do you conceive this, Kalamans, when hate arises in a person....? When delusion arises in a person....?” - Even so, Lord.” - “How do you conceive this, Kalamans: are these things wholesome or unwholesome?” - “Unwholesome, Lord.” - “Censurable or blameless?” - “Censurable, Lord.” - “Condemned or commended by the wise?” - “Condemned by the wise, Lord.” - “Being adopted and put into effect, do they lead to harm and suffering, or do they not, or how does it appear to you in this case?” - “Being adopted and put into effect, Lord, they lead to harm and suffering. So it appears to us in this case.” - “So, Kalamans, those are the reasons why I told you: “Come, Kalamans, do not be satisfied with hearsay.... or with the thought “The monk is our teacher.” When you know in yourselves: “These things are unwholesome....” then you should abandon them.’
“Come, Kalamans, do not be satisfied with hearsay.... or with the thought ‘The monk is our teacher.’ When you know in yourselves: “These things are wholesome, blameless, commended by the wise, being adopted and put into effect they lead to welfare and happiness,’ then you should practise them and abide in them.
How do you conceive this, Kalamans: when non-lust arises in a person, is it for good or evil?” - “For good, Lord.” - “Now it is when a person is not lustful and he is not overcome by lust, and his mind is not obsessed by lust, that he does not kill breathing things, or take what is not given, or commit adultery, or speak falsehood, and gets others to do likewise, which will belong for his welfare and happiness.” - “Even so, Lord.” - “How do you conceive this, Kalamans: when non hate arises in a person....? When non-delusion arises in a person ......?” - “Even so, Lord.” - “How do you conceive this, Kalamans: are these things wholesome or unwholesome?” - “Wholesome, Lord.” - “Censurable or blameless?” - “Blameless, Lord.” - “Condemned or commended by the wise?” - “Commended by the wise, Lord.” - “Being adopted and put into effect, do they lead to welfare and happiness, or do they not, or how does it appear to you in this case?” - “Being adopted and put into effect, Lord, they lead to welfare and happiness, so it appears to us in this case.” - “So, Kalamans, those are the reasons why I told you: ‘Come, Kalamans, do not be satisfied with hearsay...... or with the thought “The monk is our teacher.” When you know in yourselves:” “These things are wholesome......” then you should practise them and abide in them.’
“Now when a noble disciple is in this way free from covetousness, free from ill will, and undeluded, then, fully aware and mindful, he abides with a heart endued with loving-kindness extending to one quarter, likewise to the second quarter, likewise to the third quarter, likewise to the fourth quarter; so above, below, around, and everywhere, and to all as to himself; he abides with a heart endued with abundant, exalted, measureless loving-kindness, unhostile and unafflicted by ill will, extending to the entire world. He abides with a heart endued with compassion... He abides with a heart endued with gladness... He abides with a heart endued with equanimity ... extending to the entire world.
“With his heart this unhostile and unafflicted by ill will, thus undefiled and unified, a noble disciple here and now acquires these four comforts.
He thinks: ‘If there is another world and there is fruit and ripening of actions well done and ill done, then it is possible that on the dissolution of the body, after death, I might be reborn in a heavenly world.’ This is the first comfort acquired.
‘But if there is no other world and there is no fruit and ripening of actions well done and ill done, then here and now in this life I shall be free from hostility, affliction and anxiety, and I shall live happily.’ This is the second comfort acquired.
‘If evil befalls one who does evil, then since I have no evil thought of anyone, how shall evil deeds bring suffering to me, doing no evil?’ This is the third comfort acquired. ‘But if no evil befalls one who does evil, then I know myself to be pure in this life on both these counts.’ This is the fourth comfort acquired.”
(Anguttara Nikaya 3: 65).
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